TRESPASS Trespass, in its widest sense, signifies any transgression or offence against the law of nature, of society, or of the country, whether relating to a man’s person or to his property. The principle of ‘trespass’ was that any direct…
Kinds of Nuisance Nuisance is of two kinds: Public or common nuisance and Private nuisance. Public nuisance is a crime (Sec. 268, IPC) whereas private nuisance is a tort or civil wrong. Public Nuisance A public nuisance can be defined…
NUISANCE Nuisance as a tort means an unlawful interference with a person’s use or enjoyment of land, or some right over, or in connection with it. Acts interfering with comfort, health or safety are the examples of it. The interference…
Deceit Deceit is a false statement of fact made by A, knowingly or recklessly, with intent that it shall be acted upon by B, who does act upon it and, thereby, suffers damage (Winfeild). In Peasley v. Freeman: The principle…
CONSPIRACY When two or more persons without lawful justification combine for the purpose of willfully causing damage to the plaintiff, and actual damage results therefrom, they commit the tort of conspiracy. It may consist in the agreement of two or…
Defences to Defamation (1) Justification or Truth In a civil action for defamation truth of the defamatory matter is complete defence (under criminal law, besides being true the imputation must be shown to have been made for public good). The…
Essentials of Defamation (1) The words must be false and defamatory; (2) The said words must refer to the plaintiff; and (3) The words must be published. (1) The Words must be Defamatory Defamatory statement is one, which tends to…
Defamation Every man has a ‘right to reputation’. Defamation is a tort which injures reputation and is therefore actionable. As stated in Dixon v Holden (1869) 7 Eq. 488, “A man’s reputation is his property, and if, possible, more valuable,…
JOINT TORTFEASORS All persons who aid, or counsel, or direct or join in the committal of a wrongful act are joint tortfeasors. Thus, when two or more persons commit tort acting in the furtherance of a common design, they are…
Scienter Action means “Action when there is Knowledge”. This is the principle applied in respect of animals. Animals are broadly classified in to two categories. 1. Ferrae naturae and 2. Mensuetae naturae. Ferrae Naturae means ferocious animals which are by…