Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences.— (1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor…
Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.— (1) All citizens shall have the right— (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions or co-operative…
Article 18: Abolition of titles- (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. (3) No person who is not…
Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability- Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of ―Untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. In 1976, the Untouchability (Offences) Act,…
Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.— (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only…
Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.— (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.…
Article 51A. Fundamental duties.— It shall be the duty of every citizen of India— (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble…
NOTES ON DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. They require the State: To secure opportunities for healthy development of children (Article 39). To promote equal justice…
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. The framers of the Constitution borrowed this idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had…
Verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra preferentem – The words of deeds are accepted more strongly against the person offering them. Verba debent intelligi cum effectu – Words ought to be understood with effect. Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent inservire…